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[karo-tx-linux.git] / tools / perf / util / evsel.c
1 /*
2  * Copyright (C) 2011, Red Hat Inc, Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
3  *
4  * Parts came from builtin-{top,stat,record}.c, see those files for further
5  * copyright notes.
6  *
7  * Released under the GPL v2. (and only v2, not any later version)
8  */
9
10 #include <byteswap.h>
11 #include "asm/bug.h"
12 #include "evsel.h"
13 #include "evlist.h"
14 #include "util.h"
15 #include "cpumap.h"
16 #include "thread_map.h"
17 #include "target.h"
18 #include "../../include/linux/perf_event.h"
19
20 #define FD(e, x, y) (*(int *)xyarray__entry(e->fd, x, y))
21 #define GROUP_FD(group_fd, cpu) (*(int *)xyarray__entry(group_fd, cpu, 0))
22
23 int __perf_evsel__sample_size(u64 sample_type)
24 {
25         u64 mask = sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_MASK;
26         int size = 0;
27         int i;
28
29         for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
30                 if (mask & (1ULL << i))
31                         size++;
32         }
33
34         size *= sizeof(u64);
35
36         return size;
37 }
38
39 void hists__init(struct hists *hists)
40 {
41         memset(hists, 0, sizeof(*hists));
42         hists->entries_in_array[0] = hists->entries_in_array[1] = RB_ROOT;
43         hists->entries_in = &hists->entries_in_array[0];
44         hists->entries_collapsed = RB_ROOT;
45         hists->entries = RB_ROOT;
46         pthread_mutex_init(&hists->lock, NULL);
47 }
48
49 void perf_evsel__init(struct perf_evsel *evsel,
50                       struct perf_event_attr *attr, int idx)
51 {
52         evsel->idx         = idx;
53         evsel->attr        = *attr;
54         INIT_LIST_HEAD(&evsel->node);
55         hists__init(&evsel->hists);
56 }
57
58 struct perf_evsel *perf_evsel__new(struct perf_event_attr *attr, int idx)
59 {
60         struct perf_evsel *evsel = zalloc(sizeof(*evsel));
61
62         if (evsel != NULL)
63                 perf_evsel__init(evsel, attr, idx);
64
65         return evsel;
66 }
67
68 static const char *perf_evsel__hw_names[PERF_COUNT_HW_MAX] = {
69         "cycles",
70         "instructions",
71         "cache-references",
72         "cache-misses",
73         "branches",
74         "branch-misses",
75         "bus-cycles",
76         "stalled-cycles-frontend",
77         "stalled-cycles-backend",
78         "ref-cycles",
79 };
80
81 const char *__perf_evsel__hw_name(u64 config)
82 {
83         if (config < PERF_COUNT_HW_MAX && perf_evsel__hw_names[config])
84                 return perf_evsel__hw_names[config];
85
86         return "unknown-hardware";
87 }
88
89 static int perf_evsel__hw_name(struct perf_evsel *evsel, char *bf, size_t size)
90 {
91         int colon = 0;
92         struct perf_event_attr *attr = &evsel->attr;
93         int r = scnprintf(bf, size, "%s", __perf_evsel__hw_name(attr->config));
94         bool exclude_guest_default = false;
95
96 #define MOD_PRINT(context, mod) do {                                    \
97                 if (!attr->exclude_##context) {                         \
98                         if (!colon) colon = r++;                        \
99                         r += scnprintf(bf + r, size - r, "%c", mod);    \
100                 } } while(0)
101
102         if (attr->exclude_kernel || attr->exclude_user || attr->exclude_hv) {
103                 MOD_PRINT(kernel, 'k');
104                 MOD_PRINT(user, 'u');
105                 MOD_PRINT(hv, 'h');
106                 exclude_guest_default = true;
107         }
108
109         if (attr->precise_ip) {
110                 if (!colon)
111                         colon = r++;
112                 r += scnprintf(bf + r, size - r, "%.*s", attr->precise_ip, "ppp");
113                 exclude_guest_default = true;
114         }
115
116         if (attr->exclude_host || attr->exclude_guest == exclude_guest_default) {
117                 MOD_PRINT(host, 'H');
118                 MOD_PRINT(guest, 'G');
119         }
120 #undef MOD_PRINT
121         if (colon)
122                 bf[colon] = ':';
123         return r;
124 }
125
126 int perf_evsel__name(struct perf_evsel *evsel, char *bf, size_t size)
127 {
128         int ret;
129
130         switch (evsel->attr.type) {
131         case PERF_TYPE_RAW:
132                 ret = scnprintf(bf, size, "raw 0x%" PRIx64, evsel->attr.config);
133                 break;
134
135         case PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE:
136                 ret = perf_evsel__hw_name(evsel, bf, size);
137                 break;
138         default:
139                 /*
140                  * FIXME
141                  *
142                  * This is the minimal perf_evsel__name so that we can
143                  * reconstruct event names taking into account event modifiers.
144                  *
145                  * The old event_name uses it now for raw anr hw events, so that
146                  * we don't drag all the parsing stuff into the python binding.
147                  *
148                  * On the next devel cycle the rest of the event naming will be
149                  * brought here.
150                  */
151                 return 0;
152         }
153
154         return ret;
155 }
156
157 void perf_evsel__config(struct perf_evsel *evsel, struct perf_record_opts *opts,
158                         struct perf_evsel *first)
159 {
160         struct perf_event_attr *attr = &evsel->attr;
161         int track = !evsel->idx; /* only the first counter needs these */
162
163         attr->disabled = 1;
164         attr->sample_id_all = opts->sample_id_all_missing ? 0 : 1;
165         attr->inherit       = !opts->no_inherit;
166         attr->read_format   = PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED |
167                               PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING |
168                               PERF_FORMAT_ID;
169
170         attr->sample_type  |= PERF_SAMPLE_IP | PERF_SAMPLE_TID;
171
172         /*
173          * We default some events to a 1 default interval. But keep
174          * it a weak assumption overridable by the user.
175          */
176         if (!attr->sample_period || (opts->user_freq != UINT_MAX &&
177                                      opts->user_interval != ULLONG_MAX)) {
178                 if (opts->freq) {
179                         attr->sample_type       |= PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD;
180                         attr->freq              = 1;
181                         attr->sample_freq       = opts->freq;
182                 } else {
183                         attr->sample_period = opts->default_interval;
184                 }
185         }
186
187         if (opts->no_samples)
188                 attr->sample_freq = 0;
189
190         if (opts->inherit_stat)
191                 attr->inherit_stat = 1;
192
193         if (opts->sample_address) {
194                 attr->sample_type       |= PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR;
195                 attr->mmap_data = track;
196         }
197
198         if (opts->call_graph)
199                 attr->sample_type       |= PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN;
200
201         if (perf_target__has_cpu(&opts->target))
202                 attr->sample_type       |= PERF_SAMPLE_CPU;
203
204         if (opts->period)
205                 attr->sample_type       |= PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD;
206
207         if (!opts->sample_id_all_missing &&
208             (opts->sample_time || !opts->no_inherit ||
209              perf_target__has_cpu(&opts->target)))
210                 attr->sample_type       |= PERF_SAMPLE_TIME;
211
212         if (opts->raw_samples) {
213                 attr->sample_type       |= PERF_SAMPLE_TIME;
214                 attr->sample_type       |= PERF_SAMPLE_RAW;
215                 attr->sample_type       |= PERF_SAMPLE_CPU;
216         }
217
218         if (opts->no_delay) {
219                 attr->watermark = 0;
220                 attr->wakeup_events = 1;
221         }
222         if (opts->branch_stack) {
223                 attr->sample_type       |= PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK;
224                 attr->branch_sample_type = opts->branch_stack;
225         }
226
227         attr->mmap = track;
228         attr->comm = track;
229
230         if (perf_target__none(&opts->target) &&
231             (!opts->group || evsel == first)) {
232                 attr->enable_on_exec = 1;
233         }
234 }
235
236 int perf_evsel__alloc_fd(struct perf_evsel *evsel, int ncpus, int nthreads)
237 {
238         int cpu, thread;
239         evsel->fd = xyarray__new(ncpus, nthreads, sizeof(int));
240
241         if (evsel->fd) {
242                 for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; cpu++) {
243                         for (thread = 0; thread < nthreads; thread++) {
244                                 FD(evsel, cpu, thread) = -1;
245                         }
246                 }
247         }
248
249         return evsel->fd != NULL ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
250 }
251
252 int perf_evsel__alloc_id(struct perf_evsel *evsel, int ncpus, int nthreads)
253 {
254         evsel->sample_id = xyarray__new(ncpus, nthreads, sizeof(struct perf_sample_id));
255         if (evsel->sample_id == NULL)
256                 return -ENOMEM;
257
258         evsel->id = zalloc(ncpus * nthreads * sizeof(u64));
259         if (evsel->id == NULL) {
260                 xyarray__delete(evsel->sample_id);
261                 evsel->sample_id = NULL;
262                 return -ENOMEM;
263         }
264
265         return 0;
266 }
267
268 int perf_evsel__alloc_counts(struct perf_evsel *evsel, int ncpus)
269 {
270         evsel->counts = zalloc((sizeof(*evsel->counts) +
271                                 (ncpus * sizeof(struct perf_counts_values))));
272         return evsel->counts != NULL ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
273 }
274
275 void perf_evsel__free_fd(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
276 {
277         xyarray__delete(evsel->fd);
278         evsel->fd = NULL;
279 }
280
281 void perf_evsel__free_id(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
282 {
283         xyarray__delete(evsel->sample_id);
284         evsel->sample_id = NULL;
285         free(evsel->id);
286         evsel->id = NULL;
287 }
288
289 void perf_evsel__close_fd(struct perf_evsel *evsel, int ncpus, int nthreads)
290 {
291         int cpu, thread;
292
293         for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; cpu++)
294                 for (thread = 0; thread < nthreads; ++thread) {
295                         close(FD(evsel, cpu, thread));
296                         FD(evsel, cpu, thread) = -1;
297                 }
298 }
299
300 void perf_evsel__exit(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
301 {
302         assert(list_empty(&evsel->node));
303         xyarray__delete(evsel->fd);
304         xyarray__delete(evsel->sample_id);
305         free(evsel->id);
306 }
307
308 void perf_evsel__delete(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
309 {
310         perf_evsel__exit(evsel);
311         close_cgroup(evsel->cgrp);
312         free(evsel->name);
313         free(evsel);
314 }
315
316 int __perf_evsel__read_on_cpu(struct perf_evsel *evsel,
317                               int cpu, int thread, bool scale)
318 {
319         struct perf_counts_values count;
320         size_t nv = scale ? 3 : 1;
321
322         if (FD(evsel, cpu, thread) < 0)
323                 return -EINVAL;
324
325         if (evsel->counts == NULL && perf_evsel__alloc_counts(evsel, cpu + 1) < 0)
326                 return -ENOMEM;
327
328         if (readn(FD(evsel, cpu, thread), &count, nv * sizeof(u64)) < 0)
329                 return -errno;
330
331         if (scale) {
332                 if (count.run == 0)
333                         count.val = 0;
334                 else if (count.run < count.ena)
335                         count.val = (u64)((double)count.val * count.ena / count.run + 0.5);
336         } else
337                 count.ena = count.run = 0;
338
339         evsel->counts->cpu[cpu] = count;
340         return 0;
341 }
342
343 int __perf_evsel__read(struct perf_evsel *evsel,
344                        int ncpus, int nthreads, bool scale)
345 {
346         size_t nv = scale ? 3 : 1;
347         int cpu, thread;
348         struct perf_counts_values *aggr = &evsel->counts->aggr, count;
349
350         aggr->val = aggr->ena = aggr->run = 0;
351
352         for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; cpu++) {
353                 for (thread = 0; thread < nthreads; thread++) {
354                         if (FD(evsel, cpu, thread) < 0)
355                                 continue;
356
357                         if (readn(FD(evsel, cpu, thread),
358                                   &count, nv * sizeof(u64)) < 0)
359                                 return -errno;
360
361                         aggr->val += count.val;
362                         if (scale) {
363                                 aggr->ena += count.ena;
364                                 aggr->run += count.run;
365                         }
366                 }
367         }
368
369         evsel->counts->scaled = 0;
370         if (scale) {
371                 if (aggr->run == 0) {
372                         evsel->counts->scaled = -1;
373                         aggr->val = 0;
374                         return 0;
375                 }
376
377                 if (aggr->run < aggr->ena) {
378                         evsel->counts->scaled = 1;
379                         aggr->val = (u64)((double)aggr->val * aggr->ena / aggr->run + 0.5);
380                 }
381         } else
382                 aggr->ena = aggr->run = 0;
383
384         return 0;
385 }
386
387 static int __perf_evsel__open(struct perf_evsel *evsel, struct cpu_map *cpus,
388                               struct thread_map *threads, bool group,
389                               struct xyarray *group_fds)
390 {
391         int cpu, thread;
392         unsigned long flags = 0;
393         int pid = -1, err;
394
395         if (evsel->fd == NULL &&
396             perf_evsel__alloc_fd(evsel, cpus->nr, threads->nr) < 0)
397                 return -ENOMEM;
398
399         if (evsel->cgrp) {
400                 flags = PERF_FLAG_PID_CGROUP;
401                 pid = evsel->cgrp->fd;
402         }
403
404         for (cpu = 0; cpu < cpus->nr; cpu++) {
405                 int group_fd = group_fds ? GROUP_FD(group_fds, cpu) : -1;
406
407                 for (thread = 0; thread < threads->nr; thread++) {
408
409                         if (!evsel->cgrp)
410                                 pid = threads->map[thread];
411
412                         FD(evsel, cpu, thread) = sys_perf_event_open(&evsel->attr,
413                                                                      pid,
414                                                                      cpus->map[cpu],
415                                                                      group_fd, flags);
416                         if (FD(evsel, cpu, thread) < 0) {
417                                 err = -errno;
418                                 goto out_close;
419                         }
420
421                         if (group && group_fd == -1)
422                                 group_fd = FD(evsel, cpu, thread);
423                 }
424         }
425
426         return 0;
427
428 out_close:
429         do {
430                 while (--thread >= 0) {
431                         close(FD(evsel, cpu, thread));
432                         FD(evsel, cpu, thread) = -1;
433                 }
434                 thread = threads->nr;
435         } while (--cpu >= 0);
436         return err;
437 }
438
439 void perf_evsel__close(struct perf_evsel *evsel, int ncpus, int nthreads)
440 {
441         if (evsel->fd == NULL)
442                 return;
443
444         perf_evsel__close_fd(evsel, ncpus, nthreads);
445         perf_evsel__free_fd(evsel);
446         evsel->fd = NULL;
447 }
448
449 static struct {
450         struct cpu_map map;
451         int cpus[1];
452 } empty_cpu_map = {
453         .map.nr = 1,
454         .cpus   = { -1, },
455 };
456
457 static struct {
458         struct thread_map map;
459         int threads[1];
460 } empty_thread_map = {
461         .map.nr  = 1,
462         .threads = { -1, },
463 };
464
465 int perf_evsel__open(struct perf_evsel *evsel, struct cpu_map *cpus,
466                      struct thread_map *threads, bool group,
467                      struct xyarray *group_fd)
468 {
469         if (cpus == NULL) {
470                 /* Work around old compiler warnings about strict aliasing */
471                 cpus = &empty_cpu_map.map;
472         }
473
474         if (threads == NULL)
475                 threads = &empty_thread_map.map;
476
477         return __perf_evsel__open(evsel, cpus, threads, group, group_fd);
478 }
479
480 int perf_evsel__open_per_cpu(struct perf_evsel *evsel,
481                              struct cpu_map *cpus, bool group,
482                              struct xyarray *group_fd)
483 {
484         return __perf_evsel__open(evsel, cpus, &empty_thread_map.map, group,
485                                   group_fd);
486 }
487
488 int perf_evsel__open_per_thread(struct perf_evsel *evsel,
489                                 struct thread_map *threads, bool group,
490                                 struct xyarray *group_fd)
491 {
492         return __perf_evsel__open(evsel, &empty_cpu_map.map, threads, group,
493                                   group_fd);
494 }
495
496 static int perf_event__parse_id_sample(const union perf_event *event, u64 type,
497                                        struct perf_sample *sample,
498                                        bool swapped)
499 {
500         const u64 *array = event->sample.array;
501         union u64_swap u;
502
503         array += ((event->header.size -
504                    sizeof(event->header)) / sizeof(u64)) - 1;
505
506         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_CPU) {
507                 u.val64 = *array;
508                 if (swapped) {
509                         /* undo swap of u64, then swap on individual u32s */
510                         u.val64 = bswap_64(u.val64);
511                         u.val32[0] = bswap_32(u.val32[0]);
512                 }
513
514                 sample->cpu = u.val32[0];
515                 array--;
516         }
517
518         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID) {
519                 sample->stream_id = *array;
520                 array--;
521         }
522
523         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_ID) {
524                 sample->id = *array;
525                 array--;
526         }
527
528         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_TIME) {
529                 sample->time = *array;
530                 array--;
531         }
532
533         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_TID) {
534                 u.val64 = *array;
535                 if (swapped) {
536                         /* undo swap of u64, then swap on individual u32s */
537                         u.val64 = bswap_64(u.val64);
538                         u.val32[0] = bswap_32(u.val32[0]);
539                         u.val32[1] = bswap_32(u.val32[1]);
540                 }
541
542                 sample->pid = u.val32[0];
543                 sample->tid = u.val32[1];
544         }
545
546         return 0;
547 }
548
549 static bool sample_overlap(const union perf_event *event,
550                            const void *offset, u64 size)
551 {
552         const void *base = event;
553
554         if (offset + size > base + event->header.size)
555                 return true;
556
557         return false;
558 }
559
560 int perf_event__parse_sample(const union perf_event *event, u64 type,
561                              int sample_size, bool sample_id_all,
562                              struct perf_sample *data, bool swapped)
563 {
564         const u64 *array;
565
566         /*
567          * used for cross-endian analysis. See git commit 65014ab3
568          * for why this goofiness is needed.
569          */
570         union u64_swap u;
571
572         memset(data, 0, sizeof(*data));
573         data->cpu = data->pid = data->tid = -1;
574         data->stream_id = data->id = data->time = -1ULL;
575         data->period = 1;
576
577         if (event->header.type != PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE) {
578                 if (!sample_id_all)
579                         return 0;
580                 return perf_event__parse_id_sample(event, type, data, swapped);
581         }
582
583         array = event->sample.array;
584
585         if (sample_size + sizeof(event->header) > event->header.size)
586                 return -EFAULT;
587
588         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_IP) {
589                 data->ip = event->ip.ip;
590                 array++;
591         }
592
593         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_TID) {
594                 u.val64 = *array;
595                 if (swapped) {
596                         /* undo swap of u64, then swap on individual u32s */
597                         u.val64 = bswap_64(u.val64);
598                         u.val32[0] = bswap_32(u.val32[0]);
599                         u.val32[1] = bswap_32(u.val32[1]);
600                 }
601
602                 data->pid = u.val32[0];
603                 data->tid = u.val32[1];
604                 array++;
605         }
606
607         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_TIME) {
608                 data->time = *array;
609                 array++;
610         }
611
612         data->addr = 0;
613         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR) {
614                 data->addr = *array;
615                 array++;
616         }
617
618         data->id = -1ULL;
619         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_ID) {
620                 data->id = *array;
621                 array++;
622         }
623
624         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID) {
625                 data->stream_id = *array;
626                 array++;
627         }
628
629         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_CPU) {
630
631                 u.val64 = *array;
632                 if (swapped) {
633                         /* undo swap of u64, then swap on individual u32s */
634                         u.val64 = bswap_64(u.val64);
635                         u.val32[0] = bswap_32(u.val32[0]);
636                 }
637
638                 data->cpu = u.val32[0];
639                 array++;
640         }
641
642         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD) {
643                 data->period = *array;
644                 array++;
645         }
646
647         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_READ) {
648                 fprintf(stderr, "PERF_SAMPLE_READ is unsupported for now\n");
649                 return -1;
650         }
651
652         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN) {
653                 if (sample_overlap(event, array, sizeof(data->callchain->nr)))
654                         return -EFAULT;
655
656                 data->callchain = (struct ip_callchain *)array;
657
658                 if (sample_overlap(event, array, data->callchain->nr))
659                         return -EFAULT;
660
661                 array += 1 + data->callchain->nr;
662         }
663
664         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_RAW) {
665                 const u64 *pdata;
666
667                 u.val64 = *array;
668                 if (WARN_ONCE(swapped,
669                               "Endianness of raw data not corrected!\n")) {
670                         /* undo swap of u64, then swap on individual u32s */
671                         u.val64 = bswap_64(u.val64);
672                         u.val32[0] = bswap_32(u.val32[0]);
673                         u.val32[1] = bswap_32(u.val32[1]);
674                 }
675
676                 if (sample_overlap(event, array, sizeof(u32)))
677                         return -EFAULT;
678
679                 data->raw_size = u.val32[0];
680                 pdata = (void *) array + sizeof(u32);
681
682                 if (sample_overlap(event, pdata, data->raw_size))
683                         return -EFAULT;
684
685                 data->raw_data = (void *) pdata;
686
687                 array = (void *)array + data->raw_size + sizeof(u32);
688         }
689
690         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK) {
691                 u64 sz;
692
693                 data->branch_stack = (struct branch_stack *)array;
694                 array++; /* nr */
695
696                 sz = data->branch_stack->nr * sizeof(struct branch_entry);
697                 sz /= sizeof(u64);
698                 array += sz;
699         }
700         return 0;
701 }
702
703 int perf_event__synthesize_sample(union perf_event *event, u64 type,
704                                   const struct perf_sample *sample,
705                                   bool swapped)
706 {
707         u64 *array;
708
709         /*
710          * used for cross-endian analysis. See git commit 65014ab3
711          * for why this goofiness is needed.
712          */
713         union u64_swap u;
714
715         array = event->sample.array;
716
717         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_IP) {
718                 event->ip.ip = sample->ip;
719                 array++;
720         }
721
722         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_TID) {
723                 u.val32[0] = sample->pid;
724                 u.val32[1] = sample->tid;
725                 if (swapped) {
726                         /*
727                          * Inverse of what is done in perf_event__parse_sample
728                          */
729                         u.val32[0] = bswap_32(u.val32[0]);
730                         u.val32[1] = bswap_32(u.val32[1]);
731                         u.val64 = bswap_64(u.val64);
732                 }
733
734                 *array = u.val64;
735                 array++;
736         }
737
738         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_TIME) {
739                 *array = sample->time;
740                 array++;
741         }
742
743         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR) {
744                 *array = sample->addr;
745                 array++;
746         }
747
748         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_ID) {
749                 *array = sample->id;
750                 array++;
751         }
752
753         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID) {
754                 *array = sample->stream_id;
755                 array++;
756         }
757
758         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_CPU) {
759                 u.val32[0] = sample->cpu;
760                 if (swapped) {
761                         /*
762                          * Inverse of what is done in perf_event__parse_sample
763                          */
764                         u.val32[0] = bswap_32(u.val32[0]);
765                         u.val64 = bswap_64(u.val64);
766                 }
767                 *array = u.val64;
768                 array++;
769         }
770
771         if (type & PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD) {
772                 *array = sample->period;
773                 array++;
774         }
775
776         return 0;
777 }